UCloud怎么样？UCloud好不好？UCloud中文优刻得，是科创板上市云计算公司，商家支持按小时计费，基于此，老刘博客按小时付费开通了一台UCloud中国台湾台北VPS云服务器（1核1G1M带宽40G硬盘）进行了测评，主要考察UCloud台湾VPS的下载速度、速度延迟、路由丢包、性能测评、流媒体解锁等数据。
UCloud目前正在进行的促销活动：UCloud优刻得：2022年5月最新优惠，香港日本等31个机房/低至每月4元起。
UCloud台湾VPS主机测评：
UCloud台湾VPS的IP不是台湾原生IP，bgp.he.net显示IP归属地在澳大利亚
UCloud台湾VPS基本参数，AMD EPYC Processor，1核1G内存，CentOS 7.6
----------------------------------------------------------------------
CPU Model : AMD EPYC Processor
CPU Cores : 1 Cores 2899.998 MHz x86_64
CPU Cache : 512 KB
CPU Flags : AES-NI Enabled & VM-x/AMD-V Disabled
OS : CentOS 7.6.1810 (64 Bit) KVM
Kernel : 4.19.188-10.el7.ucloud.x86_64
Total Space : 2.0 GB / 20.0 GB
Total RAM : 67 MB / 909 MB (506 MB Buff)
Total SWAP : 0 MB / 0 MB
Uptime : 0 days 0 hour 21 min
Load Average : 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
TCP CC : cubic
Organization : AS135377 UCLOUD INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (HK) LIMITED
Location : Taipei / TW
Region : Taiwan
----------------------------------------------------------------------UCloud台湾VPS磁盘IO在78 MB/s左右，测过UCloud的机器IO全部都是78这个数字！
----------------------------------------------------------------------
I/O Speed( 1.0GB ) : 77.1 MB/s
I/O Speed( 1.0GB ) : 78.8 MB/s
I/O Speed( 1.0GB ) : 78.8 MB/s
Average I/O Speed : 78.2 MB/s
----------------------------------------------------------------------UCloud台湾VPS控制台展示，1核1G内存，Centos 7.6系统，40G硬盘（UCloud免费额度就是40G），没有数据盘
UCloud台湾VPS的Speedtest.net国内外节点测速
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Node Name Upload Speed Download Speed Latency
Speedtest.net 0.99 Mbit/s 46.96 Mbit/s 1.18 ms
Shanghai CT 1.02 Mbit/s 58.00 Mbit/s 263.73 ms
Guangzhou 5G CT 1.07 Mbit/s 50.86 Mbit/s 284.39 ms
Nanjing 5G CT 0.99 Mbit/s 60.45 Mbit/s 260.28 ms
TianJin 5G CT 0.44 Mbit/s 45.20 Mbit/s 276.98 ms
Shanghai 5G CU 0.79 Mbit/s 53.62 Mbit/s 69.14 ms
Nanjing CU 0.98 Mbit/s 59.19 Mbit/s 65.91 ms
Yinchuan CM 0.98 Mbit/s 22.09 Mbit/s 88.14 ms
Nanjing 5G CM 1.12 Mbit/s 58.68 Mbit/s 63.21 ms
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Node Name Upload Speed Download Speed Latency
Hong Kong CN 0.95 Mbit/s 49.88 Mbit/s 23.39 ms
Macau CN 0.95 Mbit/s 50.09 Mbit/s 38.93 ms
Taiwan CN 0.98 Mbit/s 49.35 Mbit/s 0.70 ms
Singapore SG 0.96 Mbit/s 50.67 Mbit/s 57.21 ms
Tokyo JP 0.99 Mbit/s 59.99 Mbit/s 236.84 ms
Seoul KR 0.98 Mbit/s 60.09 Mbit/s 71.17 ms
Los Angeles US 0.97 Mbit/s 59.14 Mbit/s 143.04 ms
Frankfurt DE 0.98 Mbit/s 56.70 Mbit/s 277.79 ms
France FR 1.02 Mbit/s 58.16 Mbit/s 200.49 ms
----------------------------------------------------------------------UCloud台湾VPS三网Ping测试
UCloud台湾VPS丢包率测试，国内肯定是不建议用的，海外节点没问题
UCloud台湾VPS路由去程跟踪测试
电信去程
联通去程
移动去程
UCloud台湾VPS路由回程跟踪测试
Traceroute to China, Guangzhou CT (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 113.108.209.1 (113.108.209.1), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 1.07 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.114 5.26 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.91 6.03 ms * LAN Address
5 172.30.94.197 6.72 ms * LAN Address
6 172.30.94.188 7.58 ms * LAN Address
7 *
8 104.254.115.44 1.47 ms * United States, zenlayer.com
9 23.236.103.86 1.99 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.2 1.71 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 211.22.229.110 2.42 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
12 220.128.13.86 1.50 ms * China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
13 220.128.12.69 1.59 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.7.149 1.95 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 220.128.6.54 1.68 ms * China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
16 202.39.91.65 131.56 ms AS9680 United States, California, Los Angeles, cht.com.tw
17 *
18 4.69.219.61 133.71 ms AS3356 United States, California, San Jose, level3.com
19 4.15.125.54 139.49 ms AS3356 United States, California, San Jose, level3.com
20 202.97.58.233 295.01 ms AS4134 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaTelecom
21 202.97.12.22 301.11 ms AS4134 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaTelecom
22 202.97.82.65 311.38 ms AS4134 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaTelecom
23 *
24 113.108.209.1 298.98 ms AS4134 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaTelecom
Traceroute to China, Shanghai CT (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 180.153.28.5 (180.153.28.5), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 0.83 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.114 4.89 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.95 4.51 ms * LAN Address
5 172.30.94.191 3.64 ms * LAN Address
6 172.30.94.188 4.20 ms * LAN Address
7 *
8 104.254.115.46 1.03 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
9 23.236.103.86 1.39 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.2 1.57 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 203.75.72.234 1.90 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
12 *
13 220.128.27.78 2.30 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.25.181 2.29 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 220.128.10.41 2.84 ms * China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
16 220.128.6.173 2.90 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
17 220.128.7.121 2.19 ms * China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
18 202.39.91.29 127.20 ms AS9680 United States, California, Palo Alto, cht.com.tw
19 32.141.85.13 128.12 ms AS7018 United States, California, att.com
20 12.123.242.38 139.25 ms AS7018 United States, California, San Jose, att.com
21 12.122.149.225 129.56 ms AS7018 United States, California, San Francisco, att.com
22 12.122.114.5 135.75 ms AS7018 United States, California, San Francisco, att.com
23 192.205.32.34 175.27 ms AS7018 United States, att.com
24 *
25 202.97.33.125 311.03 ms AS4134 China, Shanghai, ChinaTelecom
26 *
27 61.152.25.121 342.23 ms AS4812 China, Shanghai, ChinaTelecom
28 101.95.207.234 340.07 ms AS4812 China, Shanghai, ChinaTelecom
29 *
30 101.227.255.46 326.12 ms AS4812 China, Shanghai, ChinaTelecom
Traceroute to China, Beijing CT (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 180.149.128.9 (180.149.128.9), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 0.60 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.118 5.75 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.93 4.19 ms * LAN Address
5 172.30.94.191 4.72 ms * LAN Address
6 172.30.94.188 4.22 ms * LAN Address
7 *
8 104.254.115.44 0.90 ms * United States, zenlayer.com
9 23.236.103.86 1.26 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.66 1.19 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 203.75.72.238 1.57 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
12 *
13 220.128.26.106 1.76 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.24.89 3.91 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 220.128.12.201 1.54 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
16 220.128.6.45 1.58 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
17 220.128.6.121 1.43 ms * China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
18 202.39.91.77 125.08 ms AS9680 United States, California, Palo Alto, cht.com.tw
19 62.115.174.130 131.09 ms AS1299 United States, California, Palo Alto, telia.com
20 62.115.115.217 132.39 ms AS1299 United States, California, telia.com
21 218.30.54.181 133.57 ms AS4134 United States, California, San Jose, ChinaTelecom
22 202.97.51.194 264.14 ms AS4134 China, Beijing, ChinaTelecom
23 202.97.14.213 266.31 ms AS4134 China, Beijing, ChinaTelecom
24 *
25 36.110.246.2 280.50 ms AS23724 China, Beijing, ChinaTelecom
26 *
27 *
28 *
29 *
30 *
Traceroute to China, Guangzhou CU (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 210.21.4.130 (210.21.4.130), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 0.61 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.114 5.94 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.95 4.02 ms * LAN Address
5 172.30.94.197 3.94 ms * LAN Address
6 172.30.94.186 4.37 ms * LAN Address
7 *
8 23.236.103.84 0.83 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
9 23.236.103.86 1.21 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.2 1.28 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 211.22.229.110 1.85 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
12 *
13 220.128.26.78 1.81 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.25.137 2.15 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 220.128.10.33 1.47 ms * China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
16 220.128.10.193 12.90 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
17 211.72.233.193 52.91 ms AS3462 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, cht.com.tw
18 *
19 *
20 120.82.0.158 53.37 ms AS17816 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaUnicom
21 120.80.91.62 53.79 ms AS17816 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaUnicom
22 *
23 *
24 *
25 *
26 *
27 *
28 *
29 *
30 *
Traceroute to China, Shanghai CU (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 58.247.8.158 (58.247.8.158), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 1.19 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.118 5.11 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.93 5.13 ms * LAN Address
5 172.30.94.3 4.39 ms * LAN Address
6 172.30.94.188 4.22 ms * LAN Address
7 104.254.113.180 1645.44 ms * China, Hong Kong, zenlayer.com
8 128.1.64.102 1.19 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
9 23.236.103.73 1.67 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.2 1.59 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 211.22.229.106 2.07 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
12 *
13 220.128.26.106 2.35 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.24.101 4.50 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 220.128.11.193 2.10 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
16 220.128.10.193 2.08 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
17 211.72.233.193 45.68 ms AS3462 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, cht.com.tw
18 219.158.8.141 56.95 ms AS4837 China, Shanghai, ChinaUnicom
19 219.158.19.90 55.89 ms AS4837 China, Shanghai, ChinaUnicom
20 219.158.19.69 46.53 ms AS4837 China, Shanghai, ChinaUnicom
21 *
22 139.226.228.46 58.06 ms AS17621 China, Shanghai, ChinaUnicom
23 139.226.225.22 44.61 ms AS17621 China, Shanghai, ChinaUnicom
24 58.247.8.153 71.33 ms AS17621 China, Shanghai, ChinaUnicom
25 *
26 *
27 *
28 *
29 *
30 *
Traceroute to China, Beijing CU (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 123.125.99.1 (123.125.99.1), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 0.62 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.114 5.26 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.91 4.17 ms * LAN Address
5 172.30.94.191 4.19 ms * LAN Address
6 172.30.94.186 7.45 ms * LAN Address
7 104.254.113.180 920.15 ms * China, Hong Kong, zenlayer.com
8 128.1.64.102 0.84 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
9 23.236.103.88 1.22 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.2 1.32 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 203.75.72.238 1.56 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
12 220.128.13.110 1.11 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
13 220.128.13.69 1.29 ms * China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.7.149 1.15 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 219.158.44.53 27.51 ms AS4837 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaUnicom
16 219.158.115.121 51.40 ms AS4837 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
17 219.158.3.141 51.20 ms AS4837 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
18 219.158.5.153 52.85 ms AS4837 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
19 123.126.0.226 90.24 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
20 61.148.158.90 52.68 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
21 61.148.158.102 66.58 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
22 61.135.113.158 47.07 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
23 *
24 123.125.99.1 71.74 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
Traceroute to China, Guangzhou CM (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 120.196.212.25 (120.196.212.25), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 0.74 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.114 5.61 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.95 5.51 ms * LAN Address
5 172.30.94.191 4.49 ms * LAN Address
6 172.30.94.188 14.62 ms * LAN Address
7 *
8 128.1.64.102 0.68 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
9 23.236.103.88 0.99 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.66 1.01 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 211.22.229.110 1.53 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
12 220.128.12.110 0.98 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
13 220.128.12.113 1.03 ms * China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.7.149 1.53 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 223.119.47.73 27.23 ms AS58453 China, Hong Kong, ChinaMobile
16 223.120.2.53 25.39 ms AS58453 China, Hong Kong, ChinaMobile
17 *
18 *
19 221.176.24.61 63.01 ms AS9808 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaMobile
20 221.183.68.142 58.05 ms AS9808 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaMobile
21 111.24.5.173 62.99 ms AS9808 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaMobile
22 111.24.14.86 65.12 ms AS9808 China, Guangdong, Shenzhen, ChinaMobile
23 211.136.249.17 66.60 ms AS56040 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaMobile
24 211.136.214.138 58.65 ms AS56040 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaMobile
25 *
26 *
27 120.196.212.25 63.40 ms AS56040 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaMobile
Traceroute to China, Shanghai CM (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 221.183.55.22 (221.183.55.22), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 0.39 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.114 4.35 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.91 4.36 ms * LAN Address
5 172.30.94.57 6.59 ms * LAN Address
6 172.30.94.188 3.73 ms * LAN Address
7 *
8 104.254.115.46 0.66 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
9 23.236.103.73 0.98 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.2 1.20 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 203.75.72.234 1.56 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
12 220.128.13.86 0.99 ms * China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
13 220.128.12.113 1.10 ms * China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.7.149 1.00 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 223.119.47.73 27.04 ms AS58453 China, Hong Kong, ChinaMobile
16 223.120.2.53 30.27 ms AS58453 China, Hong Kong, ChinaMobile
17 *
18 *
19 221.183.55.22 63.73 ms AS9808 China, Shanghai, ChinaMobile
Traceroute to China, Beijing CM (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 211.136.25.153 (211.136.25.153), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 0.61 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.114 4.89 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.89 7.32 ms * LAN Address
5 *
6 *
7 *
8 23.236.103.84 18.09 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
9 128.1.64.109 1.13 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.2 1.07 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 211.22.229.110 1.53 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, cht.com.tw
12 *
13 220.128.27.106 1.83 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.24.101 2.67 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 220.128.13.125 1.69 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
16 220.128.6.173 1.65 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
17 211.72.233.145 27.69 ms AS3462 China, Hong Kong, cht.com.tw
18 *
19 *
20 *
21 *
22 *
23 221.176.27.253 75.96 ms AS9808 China, Beijing, ChinaMobile
24 111.24.17.162 73.80 ms AS9808 China, Beijing, ChinaMobile
25 111.24.3.18 77.90 ms AS9808 China, Beijing, ChinaMobile
26 211.136.67.113 76.37 ms AS56048 China, Beijing, ChinaMobile
27 211.136.67.166 70.16 ms AS56048 China, Beijing, ChinaMobile
28 211.136.63.66 73.15 ms AS56048 China, Beijing, ChinaMobile
29 211.136.95.226 74.59 ms AS56048 China, Beijing, ChinaMobile
30 *
Traceroute to China, Beijing Dr.Peng Network IDC Network (TCP Mode, Max 30 Hop)
============================================================
traceroute to 211.167.230.100 (211.167.230.100), 30 hops max, 32 byte packets
1 *
2 172.30.83.68 0.85 ms * LAN Address
3 172.30.94.118 6.04 ms * LAN Address
4 172.30.94.93 5.10 ms * LAN Address
5 172.30.94.197 3.82 ms * LAN Address
6 172.30.94.188 4.43 ms * LAN Address
7 *
8 23.236.103.84 1.12 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
9 23.236.103.88 1.32 ms AS21859 China, Taiwan, Taipei City, zenlayer.com
10 203.69.110.66 1.24 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
11 203.75.72.238 1.60 ms AS3462 China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
12 220.128.13.46 1.37 ms * China, Taiwan, New Taipei City, cht.com.tw
13 220.128.12.69 1.21 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
14 220.128.7.149 11.40 ms * China, Taiwan, Taipei City, cht.com.tw
15 219.158.44.53 30.16 ms AS4837 China, Guangdong, Guangzhou, ChinaUnicom
16 219.158.115.121 47.18 ms AS4837 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
17 219.158.9.218 51.56 ms AS4837 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
18 219.158.9.201 59.57 ms AS4837 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
19 125.33.186.18 66.82 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
20 202.106.192.6 120.91 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
21 61.149.212.242 56.76 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
22 202.99.1.238 67.19 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, ChinaUnicom
23 124.205.97.138 54.30 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, DRPENG
24 218.241.253.134 69.05 ms AS4808 China, Beijing, DRPENG
25 211.167.230.100 48.12 ms AS17964 China, Beijing, DRPENG
----------------------------------------------------------------------Unixbench跑分看下UCloud台湾VPS综合性能，单核1049分，多核1056分
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Geekbench v5 CPU Benchmark:
Single Core : 1049
Multi Core : 1056
----------------------------------------------------------------------UCloud台湾VPS流媒体解锁情况：Netflix奈飞解锁原创视频，解锁台区YouTube油管视频
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Stream Media Unlock :
Netflix : Originals Only
YouTube Premium : Yes (Region: TW)
YouTube CDN : Taipei
BiliBili China : Yes (Region: Hongkong/Macau/Taiwan Only)
----------------------------------------------------------------------